The Importance Of Distributing Desert Based Aid At A Small...

Question Three: In arguing in favor of the importance of distributing desert (merit) based financial aid at a small liberal arts school such as Green Mountain College, several arguments present themselves: one, desert based aid insures that incoming students meet a standard that facilitates strong academics, which in turn improves the school s reputation and contributes to its long term viability; two, it incentivises students to work hard academically, benefiting fellow students and faculty who appreciate active classroom involvement and discussion; and three, students with good grades have likely worked hard for them and deserve just compensation for their work. Rawls would argue in favor of awarding merit scholarships on the grounds†¦show more content†¦My own children are being raised by parents with both more money and more education. Yet I do not see my children as having significantly better opportunities than I had at their age† (9). Therefore, although unequal opportunity prevents low income segments of the population from having a fair chance at receiving merit based aid, the same argument, according to Mankiw, doesn’t apply to the one percent in relation to the middle class who all have fairly equal opportunity. The case against awarding merit based financial aid rests heavily on the argument posited by McIntosh in her paper on white and male privilege. McIntosh asserts that we can only begin to grasp the full extent of the role privilege plays in society today. She states, â€Å"Obliviousness about white advantage, like obliviousness about male advantage, is kept strongly inculturated in the United States so as to maintain the myth of meritocracy† (123). Because privilege is so ingrained in the workings of society, and because the effects of privilege are greater and more complex than any metric used to determine merit based aid can account for, merit based aid should be abandoned. Unfortunately, the two alternative principles of justice, the principle of equal distribution and the principle of distribution according to need, also present shortcomings. Under the principle of equal distribution, all students would be awardedShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLeale Senior Production Project Manager: Kelly Warsak Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Ilene Kahn Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Interior Design: Suzanne Duda and Michael Fruhbeis Permissions Project Manager: Shannon Barbe Manager, Cover Visual Research Permissions: Karen Sanatar Manager Central Design: Jayne Conte Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. 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Idndividual vs State - 1320 Words

Freedoms of choice and self-determination have become key features of life that are largely viewed in Western Europe as natural rights. However, in light of the present global recession, it can be contemplated if greater state control in present liberal democracies is necessary to ensure the survival of the state. Whilst some may believe that the individual should remain the main priority, a liberal society increases inequality and widens the class gap which continues to suppress the poor. If the focus is primarily on the individual then, overall, society may suffer more than if it were state-driven. The individual versus the state has been long disputed within many fields in academia. From psychology to sociology and literature to†¦show more content†¦Nonetheless, based on the findings written by Hobbes, the individual should not be given total freedom to do as he pleases. Acting within self-interest allows for the formulation of greed and exploitation of peerage in the journey to attain more wealth. Neither can total control be beneficial to society. Although this may guarantee total equality, it goes against the natural state of man which may lead to the general population being unsatisfied. One needs only to look at the recent anti-government uprisings in Libya whose leader has ruled for forty-nine years under an authoritarian state administration. As such a balance needs to be found which allows the people some form of freedom whilst providing for state intervention to protect and aid the needy and vulnerable within the society. Also liberalism allows for total competition, regulated by Adam Smith’s principle of demand and supply. If you have a commodity that is in demand, under a liberal capitalist theory you should become wealthier as demand increases. Furthermore, if the commodity is in short supply, scarcity increases its market value (Lipsey, Chrystal, 2007). For example, due to the Libyan revolts the market value price of oil had once again risen to almost US$188 per barrel, since less oil is present on the market (BBC, 2011). The individuals

Pregnancy Is An Event Of A Woman Life That Brings Pure Joy...

Pregnancy is an event in a woman life that brings pure joy and excitement. During a woman’s pregnancy her body is physically changing, along with a cascade of emotions. Every pregnancy in a woman’s life is highly individualized. Pregnancy can range from completely normal to various complication, both maternal and fetal complications. The patient I interviewed gave birth to a healthy baby girl, and she couldn’t be more excited. She had a wonderful birthing experience, this was her 3rd child and she agreed that all of her pregnancies were completely different. When I interviewed my patient she made me realize how incredible pregnancy is. What symptoms first made you suspect you might be pregnant? â€Å"I did not suspect I was pregnant at all, I felt like I had the flu, I was sick to my stomach and vomiting all the time my kids had a stomach virus previously so I figure I had the stomach flu from my kids.† As nurses we can educate our patients on the proper f ood intake to prevent morning sickness. Pregnant women should eat small meal throughout the day to prevent becoming too full and they should drink fluids 30 minutes before or after a meal but not to drink fluids during the meal. Did you have a pregnancy test? Where was it done? â€Å"I took a home pregnancy test because after several weeks I still felt sick so I decided to take a home pregnancy test to rule out that I was pregnant. After my pregnancy test was positive I decided to make an appointment with my OBGYN and the bloodShow MoreRelatedThe Gift Of Sex : Critique And Review Based On God s Truth6129 Words   |  25 PagesMoroz Abstract Biblical sexual fulfillment is only achievable in the covenant of marriage, which is how God intends sexual fulfilment to be. In marriage sexual openness and fulfilment brings the two individuals that are united together into a deeper more intimate loving state. This deeper bond and intimacy that sexual fulfilment creates in this covenant of marriage between the two individuals also creates an understanding of the spiritualRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesof Nigeria1. Web publication is therefore an intermediate step, while efforts are underway to produce an acceptable version for a press. Roger Blench Cambridge November 2006. 1 e.g. the example ‘The members of staff of the Kingsway stores enjoy life’ [!] i Igbo Dictionary: KayWilliamson. Draft of Edition II Editor’s note: The Echeruo (1997) and Igwe (1999) Igbo dictionaries Since the preparation of the manuscript, two other dictionaries of Igbo have appeared. Since these differ in importantRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesproblem without bringing in the most relevant information. This first chapter explains what it means to be logical—to reason logically. It demonstrates the usefulness of logical reasoning as a means to making more effective decisions about your own life—decisions about what to believe and decisions about what to do. The chapter begins a systematic program of study of all the major topics regarding logical reasoning. Along the way, the book focuses on developing the following five skills: (1) writingRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesStress-Reduction Techniques 144 SKILL ANALYSIS 147 Cases Involving Stress Management 147 The Turn of the Tide 147 The Case of the Missing Time 150 SKILL PRACTICE 155 Exercises for Long-Term and Short-Run Stress Management The Small-Wins Strategy 155 Life-Balance Analysis 156 Deep Relaxation 158 Monitoring and Managing Time 159 SKILL APPLICATION 161 Activities for Managing Stress 161 Suggested Assignments 161 Application Plan and Evaluation 162 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA Stress Management AssessmentRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesresources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced student user Ask your local representative for details! Collaborate with your colleagues, find a mentor, attend virtual and live events, and view resources www.WhereFacultyConnect.com Pre-loaded, ready-to-use assignments and presentations www.wiley.com/college/quickstart Technical Support 24/7 FAQs, online chat, and phone support www.wileyplus.com/support Your WileyPLUS Account

Abrahamic Religion Judaism - 1538 Words

Judaism is one of the three Abrahamic religions that started 3,500 years ago in southern Mesopotamia. According to Tracey R. Rich, it all started when God asked Abraham to leave his home and, travel to a new place. Rich also said, although, many people say Moses was the founder of the religion but, traced back to Abraham. Jews are monotheistic, which means that they believe only in God and that they should worship him for all that he has done for them. Judaism was spread through trade and traveling. Judaism can be defined in many ways with its many different traditions and beliefs. There has to be a founder of everything and for Judaism, its Abram, and later named Abraham. As stated before, God told Abraham that he would be a leader of great people and he just had to do what God said. He had to travel through the Canaan, between the River Jordan and the Mediterranean, and the Nile Delta when he accepted God’s offer. (Graham 13). Abraham was the first to teach his followers abo ut believing in only one god. He is very important in two other religions; Christianity and Islam. Moses was also an important figure because he lead the Jews during a devastating time. Graham says that, God reaches out to Moses, telling him to go to Egypt where the Israelites were held as slaves. (14). Moses helped them escape into a â€Å"Promise Land†. Moses climbs up a mountain to receive the Ten Commandments as laws by God to have the Israelites follow and live by. People from all around the worldShow MoreRelatedJudaism And Islam : Abrahamic Religions Essay2387 Words   |  10 PagesPhilosophy of Religion Judaism Islam Abrahamic Religions/Religions of the Book It may be common to think of each religion as something completely separate from every other religion, however, this is far from true. In a similar way that Buddhism evolved from the previously established Hinduism, there are three â€Å"Abrahamic Religions† that are said to stem from the patriarch Abraham: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The three (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) are also regarded as â€Å"religions of the book†Read MoreAbrahamic Religions : Judaism, Christianity, And Islam1407 Words   |  6 PagesAbrahamic Religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam ​The Abrahamic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the three key Western Religions they all exercise monotheism, achieving peace though justice, God’s love and mercy, all three trace back to the prophet Abraham in some way, even though he was first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. 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The three Abrahamic faiths, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, among other religions, exemplify the qualities of compassion and love clearly reflecting these ideas in their scriptures and teachings. In fact, if one delves deep into any

Media Law Privacy A study on its impact on journalists in HK Free Essays

Great Britain was a powerful empire back in the days. It boasted of large areas of lands she colonized and conquered – with territories ranging from the Americas to the Far East and the pacific. For so many years England has conquered these territories and left a considerable influence on their cultures, such as newspapers and the media. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Law Privacy: A study on its impact on journalists in HK or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two of the best examples of these territories would be Hong Kong in the Far East and Australia in the pacific. Introduction These two countries were once the colony of the most powerful country back then the British Empire. But now as the time would have it, the two were given their independence by Britain, Australia in 1939 and Hong Kong’s turnover to the Chinese Government in 1997. Now you may ask, what is the significance of the past activities of these two countries in relation to their media laws? Let’s look on how www.asiawind.com describes the difference. First, both have considerable influences from Britain in the freedom of expression, the media for example, and the other laws that go by it. Second, the turnover to two different cultures sets the difference for their journalism and media laws. The second reason will be discussed in detail in the next few paragraphs. When Britain handed over Hong Kong to china in 1997, the pre-colonial journalism style was different. Journalists were given full access to whatever news they can go into, in short full independence on the freedom of speech. The post colonial journalists now have a dilemma in their hands. With the pre colonial freedom that they’ve enjoyed now partly gone, its almost impossible for them to write something which may be of raging influence or may be detrimental to many authorities or the mainland politicians will call as propaganda against them.   It would then be taken to assumption that there had been evidences with regard to invasion of their privacy or political plans (Workshop). Media Law in Hong Kong In a survey taken from the site of Media Law as adhered to by the government, such is evident that disclosing private issues if will not be detrimental to ones health or safety or for a person’s well-being, its better to let the persons concerned or organizations know.   Given such standpoint, in this case I think the Chinese Central Party will disagree with me. Considering the fact that any leak into the private affairs of the big bosses’ there and may be in fact, be detrimental to their   health if the media will get their hands on it (â€Å"Inmedia†). Most of the news that go against the tide of the mainland politicians will either be ignored or a big possibility will not be published at all by China News Agency, the news agency that is controlled by the Chinese Mainland communist party. The above mentioned is indeed a big difference on the media styles, laws and certain freedoms that are practiced back in the days of the British Empire controlling Hong Kong.   Certain news whether be beneficial to the communist party could either be not published for the sake of secrecy laws that are imposed by the communist party. Hence, Secrecy laws which are based from the interests of the ruling party in Mainland China. Hong Kong media as seen from the eyes of its neighboring countries and the world reflect somewhat a negative view. Media in Hong Kong is the under the repressive arms of the Chinese mainland. The journalists in Hong Kong have to bear with the overly protective policies of the mainland. But the repression that the journalists go through in Hong Kong puts them in a somewhat feisty approach towards expressing their views and puts them in a delicate political situation. In terms of expression, the privacy laws and policies that the mainland imposes indirectly on to the journalist’s possess a different view and approach to a media that others may think is in dire need of air from an already tight squeeze from the mainland’s hands. However, media in Hong Kong still give some respect to the big bosses in the mainland. Prior to the turnover in 1997, the central party was used to the distinctively quiet atmosphere of the media there. Now as the feisty and active reporters of Hong Kong are becoming often aggressive in bringing out the truth, in reference to Taiwan, they do still maintain a high level of respect for the state’s privacy laws in expressing views over the issue. Media Laws in Australia The media laws of Australia on the other hand, propose and show a different approach to how the state allows its journalist to practice their crafts. State laws passed by the House of Commons states that it allows journalists to practice under such media regulations, freedom of speech and other policies that follow governing laws. In terms of privacy, the state does allow journalists certain protocols in regard to privacy ((OLDP)). Take for example, state provisions that allow foreign nationals to take certain control of certain percentages of media institutions.   It does in a way grant private or corporate individuals to express the freedom of speech. The freedom must be exercised according to state laws and specifically, privacy related. The state itself does value the freedom to exercise that right but it has to coincide with certain ethics just to make sure that no privacy issue will be exposed that may be detrimental to one’s or an organizations well being. True that such freedom exercised in Australia has pointed out and brought great deal of scandals and corruptions hiding within the bureaucracy. If we look at the past, the Australian press has served their country well. Corruptions and misbehaviors from both the private sector and the government have been brought up by investigative journalists in response to needs of the people to know what is going on and their mission to bring out press freedom to a higher level of information dissemination.  Ã‚   As a matter of fact, this sort of freedom allows investigative reporters to practice press freedom to a much higher extent. But certain details have to be polished first before any publication gets out exposing such private issues which investigative journalists may deem necessary to let the public know. Complications in Press Certain hindrances may affect Australian press’ freedom. Take for example, the Trade Practices Act, which in a much broader sense is likely to be violated with the inclusion of press and cross- media ownership puts the credibility of Australian press on the line. With a lot of publications competing for sales in the Australian market. With various highly unlikely that the freedom may be jeopardize as more publications may go a bit extreme to bring out privacy related issues in the news for the sake of creating a stable share in the market (Smartt). Moreover, the degrading factor that some laws come in a variation of issues that rise in the field of obscenity, regional censorship and the other media restraints imposed by the laws crafted by the legislating individuals.   Aside from that it had been noted that consequently, one of the most striking deprivation of Press Freedom are the extent of regulations falling on the surface of morality.   This then stresses the standpoint that there had been certain instances wherein the Media advocates believe that the skill they have acquired for the pursuance of such projects in disseminating information to the contemporary society is stringed on the desires of those who are in office (Tugendhat and Christie). Conclusion In conclusion, I believe with all these facts brought up the privacy issues of the press between Hong Kong and Australia. In my view Australian journalists enjoy a more subtle freedom in expressing their views in relation to private issues as compared to Hong Kong’s journalist who experiences a tight grip when it comes to details in press freedom. Culture differences, I also believe play a vital role in defining media privacy issues between these two countries’ journalists.   The arena of media may be not of that which entails absolute freedom as well as with the point of divulging on the creativity of the aforementioned individuals.   Thus, issues on privacy which were sought to be degrading in a form of nuisance and surveillance, is a point of fact that democracy is not well established in the society of today. References: (OLDP), Office of Legislative Drafting and Publishing. â€Å"Australian Communications and Media Authority Act 2005.† ComLaw – Federal Register of Legislative Instruments, 2005. â€Å"Inmedia.† IDEA 2007, 2007. Smartt, Ursula. Media Law for Journalists. Sage Publications Ltd 2006. Tugendhat, Michael, and Iain Christie. The Law of Privacy and the Media: First Cumulative Updating Supplement. Oxford University Press, USA, 2004. Workshop, New Media. â€Å"Hong Kong–Inmedia.† University of Hong Kong ‘s Journalism and Media Studies Centre, 2007. How to cite Media Law Privacy: A study on its impact on journalists in HK, Essay examples

Child Nursing Case Study Nursing Care Free Sample Solution

Question: Is Gabe behind on his immunizations? If so, what? Is Gabes weight gain appropriate? What safety teaching is appropriate for the nurse to provide Gabes parents? Answer: Communication child: Abdominal pain: Infants- Infants cannot speak so exact cause of pain cannot be explained. Toddlers: They stammer, cant express clearly, might have swallowed something. Pre-schooler- Problem in understanding if it is localized pain or appendix pain School ager- Exact cause cannot be easily identified common in this age group Teenager- Might occur due to food poisoning and improper diet like fast foods,etc Patient-1: Child has not taken Hepatitis B vaccine at the time of his birth. Rotavirus, DPT, polio, and influenza vaccine need to be given in the 6th week (McKinney et al., 2013). Babies put on between half and an ounce weight everyday. So a child is little short, he should have 4.5 kg weight. Take care to develop good sleeping habits in, check infection in babies by bathing them in warm water, washing their clothes with Dettol. Check body temperature and feed them at regular interval. P-2: Sallys vocabulary is not appropriate; she should speak the full sentence with clear sound articulation. Her weight ok ,14-15 kg weight is normal for three years old. Temper tantrums are normal at this age. It occurs due to change in chemicals of a brain or due to lack of understanding of language. Parents should be strict at times, avoid stress by giving baby feed at the time, start thinking of toddlers and practice ways of distraction. Patient 3: Balance the calories and develop healthy food habits in your child. Playing soccer is good, a child needs to be active. Remove calorie-rich food and give low-sugar and low-fat diet like banana, apple, etc. No issue in playing soccer, more physical activity essential for an obese child. Patient 4: Meningitis and Hepatitis B vaccine needs to be taken Screening for depression, academic weakness, aggressive behavior, teens personality style, etc. Having knowledge of sexual development and desire with friends, openly talking about it. Parents should give good moral guidance to children (Perry et al.,2014). Reference: McKinney, E., James, S., Murray, S., Nelson, K., Ashwill, J. (2013). Maternal-child nursing (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN: 978-1-4377-2775-3. Perry, S. E., Hockenberry, M. J., Lowdermilk, D. L., Wilson, D. (2014).Maternal child nursing care. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Oodbms Essay Example For Students

Oodbms Essay Object-Oriented Database Management SystemsThe construction of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems started in the middle 80s, at a prototype building level, and at the beginning of the 90s the first commercial systems appeared. The interest for the development of such systems stems from the need to cover the modeling deficiencies of their predecessors, that is the relational database management systems. They were intended to be used by applications that have to handle big and complex data such as Computer Aided Engineering, Computer Aided Design, and Office Information Systems. The area of the OODBMSs is characterized by three things. First, it lacks a common data model. There is no common data model although many proposals can be found in the literature. This is a more general problem of all the object-oriented systems not only the database management systems. Since the data model determines the database language of the system, which in turn determines the implementation of the system, we can understand that the differences between the various systems with different data models can be big and substantial. Second is the common theoretical framework. Although there is no standard object-oriented model, most object-oriented database systems that are operational or under development today share a set of fundamental object-oriented concepts. Therefore the implementation issues in OODBMSs that arise due to these concepts are universal. The third characteristic is that of experimental activity. Plenty of prototypes have been implemented and some !of them became commercial products. There is really a need for applications to handle very complex data and that is why the interest of people in building such systems is so strong. Although there is no consensus on what an OODBMS is and which are the features that differentiate it from other systems, there has been a lot of effort for an agreement on defining the formal characteristics that can stand as the set of specification requirements for the construction of such a system. These should also be used as the set of features that one has to check in order to find out if a system is really an OODBMS. The features of the OODBMS can be divided as follows:†¢mandatory features: these are the features that one system should have in order to deserve the title OODBMS. †¢optional features: these are the features that if one system has, should be considered better than another that does not have them, provided that both have all the mandatory features. †¢open choices: these are features that a designer of a system can choose if and how to implement. They represent the degrees of freedom left to the system designers. An OODBMS should be a database management system and at the same time an object oriented system. The first characteristic is translated to the following features: persistence, concurrency, recovery, secondary storage management, and ad hoc query mechanisms. The second characteristic is translated to the following: composite objects, object-identity, encapsulation, inheritance overriding and late binding, extensibility, and computational completeness of the database language used. Composite objects can be built recursively from simpler ones by applying constructors to them. These simpler objects can be integers, characters, strings, booleans, and in general objects of types that all the programming languages possess. There are various constructors such as list, set, bag, array, tuple, etc. The minimal set of constructors that a system must have is: set (to represent unordered collections of real world objects), list (to represent ordered collections of real world objects), tuple (to represent properties of real world objects). A system that supports composite objects and therefore constructors for their building, should also support operators for the retrieval, insertion, and deletion of their component objects. That means that the database language should be extended in a way that these operators will be included. The identity of an object is what makes it different from all the other objects. This allows the objects to be independent of their values. Therefore the notion of identical objects is introduced: two objects are equal if they have the same values, but are identical if they have the same object identity. The fact that each object possesses an identity facilitates the handling of composite objects since it makes the common use of objects possible and it protects the consistency of the database. If a component object is changed, this change affects all the composite objects that reference it. Due to the object identity, there is no need for replicates, and that is how the consistency of the database is protected. The mechanism of encapsulation allows the hiding of the internal state of the objects. The internal state of an object is not liable to direct access. It can only be accessed by its methods. Objects that have this ability are called encapsulated objects. There are many types of encapsulation including: full, write, and partial. Using full encapsulation, all the operations on objects are done via message sending and method execution. In write encapsulation, the internal state of the objects is visible only for reading operations.Partial encapsulation involves allowing direct access for reading and writing for only a part of the internal state (private and public part). The use of the same message for different methods that belong to different classes can facilitate the design of the database as well as of the applications that access it. In general, since the internal structure of an object is not visible by the other objects, we can assign to methods with the same functionality the same message even if their implementation is different. This is called overloading of the message. Since a message can correspond to more than one method, the code of the method that has to be executed can only be found at run time. That means that while an application is executed, it can be found out if the message sent is applicable to the object. If not the application ends up with a run-time error. The fact that the piece of code that should be executed is bound at run-time is called late binding. The hierarchies of the classes are based on the principle of inheritance which is considered one of the most basic of the object-oriented systems. Inheritance is an antisymmetric, transitive, binary relationship that can exist between two classes A and B from which the A is called a subclass of B and B is called a superclass of A. The relationship has many common characteristics with the ancestor/descendant relationship since a class has direct and indirect subclasses as an ancestor has direct and indirect descendants. In general a superclass can have one or more direct subclasses, although the number of direct superclasses that a subclass can have is not the same for all the models. In fact, in all the models, all the classes have at least one superclass but there are some models that do not allow classes to have more than one. These are called single inheritance models and the rest multiple inheritance models. According to the concept of inheritance, the subclasses ca!n inherit met hods and attributes from their superclasses. That means that inheritance is the mechanism that allows the generation of new software modules from existing software modules. There are four kinds of inheritances that have slightly different semantics:†¢Substitution inheritance: if class A is a subclass of class B, then any object of class B can be substituted by an object of the class A. That means that the set of messages that constitute the interface of class A is a superset of the set of messages of class B. A Streetcar Named Desire - Com EssayIt is desirable for a system to be distributed although that is independent from the fact that it is an object-oriented system. Concurrency control is one of the mandatory features of a DBMS, but the current systems are intended to be used for handling very long data like images, sound, text, etc. and consequently they should provide special transaction mechanisms in order to allow the efficient handling of such kinds of data. The RDBMSs do not support such handling and therefore the object-oriented technology had to enhance the classical transaction framework with long and nested transactions. Most of the applications evolve and they do no acquire a stable state until a long time after their initial implementation. For this reason it should be possible to do the following: the old data should not be overridden by new ones but should be kept and coexist as older versions of the same object and not as independent objects; and in case of schema cha nges, the data that corre!spond to previous schemas should not be thrown away but should evolve following the schema evolution. There is a set of features, finally, for which the designers can choose among different implementations that are not equivalent, but they have certain advantages and disadvantages. There are plenty of programming models (C++, Lisp, Smalltalk, etc.), but none of them should be considered better than the others. The designers choose the programming model of their system according to the kind of applications that the system is going to serve. The choice of the programming style is open as well. The one that better suits the applications should be chosen. The representation system is the set of the types or classes provided by the system as well as the set of constructors that can be applied on these classes. As long as the system provides support for extensibility and composite objects, there is no restriction of which member the representation should contain. There are systems that support the highest degree of uniformity, which means that everything in the system includ!ing classes, m ethods, messages, etc. is treated as an object. Uniformity has consequences at the level of the implementation of the system and at the level of the application programming and the user interface as well. Although uniformity is a nice feature and simplifies the implementation of the system, it can sometimes confuse the users since in reality there is no absolute uniformity. The design of the relational database system and the mechanisms that they use have been mathematically founded. Most of them are the result of long research periods that lead to the successful solving of the most important problems that occurred in these systems. The object-oriented database systems, since they are fairly new, do not have a very sound theoretical solution for many of the issues that arise from their implementations. Here are some of the problems introduced by the new approach:†¢The object-oriented model contains some concepts whose semantics are still under discussion. There is no standard data model and consequently there is no standard methodology for designing an object-oriented scheme. For the relation systems on the contrary, the ER diagram is totally acceptable. †¢The query language of the relational systems was base on the mathematical theory of the relational algebra and the relational calculus. There is not something similar for the OODBMS. A lot of effort has been done for the definition of an object-oriented algebra since it is clear that the relational algebra is inadequate for the support of the object-oriented model. †¢The traditional indexing and locking techniques used should be extended in order to be used for object-oriented databases. The composite objects cause a lot of trouble and is still an open research issue. †¢The complexity of the hierarchies of classes created can be so big that the schemas can be handled with difficulty. The object-oriented systems are very much successful in areas where their predecessors failed:†¢The design of the schema can be done in a very direct way since the object-oriented model is very close to the real world model. On the contrary, the relational design which is based on canonical forms of the relational system is much more awkward. †¢The maintenance of the database is much easier due to the schema evolution facilities and the modular design allowed by the object-oriented model. †¢The identity concept that gives one internal pointer to each object throughout its life protects the consistency of the database and helps modeling similar real world entities. In the relational systems, this identification number was inevitably user provided. †¢The database is not only used for storing data but also pieces of code (methods) that run on the data. Consequently, a whole application can be stored and executed with the help of the OODBMS that also supports its maintenance. †¢The inheritance concept makes code easily reusable. †¢The expensive join operations of the relational systems have been substituted by the composite object notion, which combined with the clustering mechanism can improve the performance of the composite object retrieval. There are many applications that have been using the relational systems very successfully now for many years and they do not need to change. However, there are a couple of other applications especially in the engineering fields that dont do much with relational systems, mainly from the modeling aspect. For these kinds of applications, the object-oriented approach seems quite appropriate in spite of the problems that still have to be solved.Works CitedBrown, A.W. Object-Oriented Databases: Applications in Software Engineering. McGraw-Hill, 1991. Burleson, D.K. Practical Application of Object-Oriented Techniques to Relational Databases. Wiley/QED, 1994. Chorafas, D.N. and H. Steinmann. Object-Oriented Databases. Prentice-Hall, 1993. Delobel, C., C. Lecluse, and P. Richard. Databases: From Relational to Object-Oriented Systems. ITP, 1995. Gray, P.M.D., K.G. Kulkarni, and N.W. Paton. Object-Oriented Databases: A Semantic Data Model Approach. Prentice-Hall, 1992. Hughes, J.G. Object-Oriented Databases. Prentice-Hall, 1991. Kemper, A. and G. Moerkotte. Object-Oriented Database Management: Applications in Engineering and Computer Science. Prentice-Hall, 1994. Kim, W. Introduction to Object-Oriented Databases. MIT Press, 1990. Loomis, M.E.S. Object Databases: The Essentials. 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